Jump to content

Draft:Original research/Journalism

From Wikiversity
(Redirected from Draft:Journalism)
Here a journalist is interviewing a sportswoman. Credit: flickr user kennethtristan02.

Journalism is a method of inquiry and literary style that aims to provide a service to the public by the dissemination and analysis of news and other information.

Theory of journalism

[edit | edit source]

Def. the "aggregating, writing, editing, and presenting of news or news articles for widespread distribution, typically in periodical print publications and broadcast news media, for the purpose of informing the audience"[1] or the "style of writing characteristic of material in periodical print publications and broadcast news media, consisting of direct presentation of facts or events with an attempt to minimize analysis or interpretation"[1]

is called journalism.

Ethics and standards

[edit | edit source]

Journalism ethics and standards comprise principles of ethics and of good practice as applicable to the specific challenges faced by journalists is widely known to journalists as their professional "code of ethics" or the "canons of journalism".[2]

While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness, and public accountability, as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public.[2][3][4][5]

Like many broader ethical systems, journalism ethics include the principle of "limitation of harm" which often involves the withholding of certain details from reports such as the names of minor children, crime victims' names or information not materially related to particular news reports release of which might, for example, harm someone's reputation.[6][7] Some journalistic codes of ethics, notably the European ones,[8] also include a concern with discriminatory references in news based on race, religion, sexual orientation, and physical or mental disabilities.[9][10][11][12] The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe approved (in 1993) Resolution 1003 on the Ethics of Journalism, which recommends that journalists respect the presumption of innocence, in particular in cases that are still sub judice.[13]

Entities

[edit | edit source]

"Hegemonic leadership could also be provided by subordinated groups or classes in order to resist the ideas and actions of the dominant group."[14]

Newsworthiness

[edit | edit source]

"What is "newsworthy"? Newsworthy items pass three tests: They are specific, relevant, and fresh."[15]

Specifics

[edit | edit source]

"Each news article documents some specific event — the focus — which the headline and lede must identify. An ongoing process is unlikely to pass muster; look for some specific development in an ongoing process, to serve as the focus."[16]

Relevants

[edit | edit source]

"How many people does the story impact? [...] If the answer is a few hundred or less, the story would probably not be significant enough".[17]

Def. the "condition of being[18] of current interest; contemporary"[19] is called topicality.

Freshness

[edit | edit source]

Unpublished news is typically considered fresh when it's less than two or three days old.

Interviews

[edit | edit source]
Main articles: Hearings/Interviews and Interviews

Def. a "conversation in person (or, by extension, over the telephone, Internet etc.) between a journalist and someone whose opinion or statements he or she wishes to record for publication, broadcast etc"[20] is called an interview.

Arts journalism

[edit | edit source]
File:Maxresdefault.jpg
The journalist highlights the idea of bringing arts journalism into the mainstream media and its importance in current times. Credit: Sahar Zaman.

On the right a journalist highlights the idea of bringing arts journalism into the mainstream media and its importance in current times.

Broadcast journalism

[edit | edit source]
Police Commissioner Suleiman Kova answers and addresses the media at ground zero near the 2013 Dar es Salaam building collapse. Credit: Muhammad Mahdi Karim.

On the right, Police Commissioner Suleiman Kova answers and addresses the media at ground zero near the 2013 Dar es Salaam building collapse.

Business journalism

[edit | edit source]
File:Business jounalism 200407103-001.jpg
Business journalists include television reporters, who can interview everyone from CEOs to the "man on the street." Credit: George Doyle/Stockbyte/Getty Images.

A television reporter interviews a corporate chief executive officer (CEO) in the image on the right.

Entertainment journalism

[edit | edit source]
File:EntertainmentJournalist.jpg
In this image an entertainment journalist on the right interviews a couple of entertainers. Credit: Full Sail University.

In the image on the right an entertainment journalist on the right interviews a couple of entertainers before cameras.

Fashion journalism

[edit | edit source]
File:Fashion journalist.jpg
Here a fashion journalist interviews a fashion model. Credit: George Doyle/Stockbyte/Getty Images.

In the image on the right, a fashion journalist interviews a fashion model on camera.

Investigative journalism

[edit | edit source]
John Pilger, Richard Gizbert, and Julian Assange are before the investigative press regarding The Wikileaks Files - Book Launch - Foyles, London - 29th September 2015. Credit: Walej.

Def. a "form of journalism in which the reporter deeply investigates a single topic of interest, often involving crime or corruption"[21] is called investigative journalism.

"Reporting, through one's own initiative and work product, matters of importance to readers, viewers, or listeners [is investigative journalism]."[22]

"An investigative journalist is a man or woman whose profession it is to discover the truth and to identify lapses from it in whatever media may be available. The act of doing this generally is called investigative journalism and is distinct from apparently similar work done by police, lawyers, auditors, and regulatory bodies in that it is not limited as to target, not legally founded and closely connected to publicity."[23]

Local journalism

[edit | edit source]
Two local broadcast journalists capture video on the shore. Credit: Betton Kim, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

"For more than a century, local journalism has been taken almost for granted. But the twenty-first century has brought major challenges. The newspaper industry that has historically provided most local coverage is in decline and it is not yet clear whether digital media will sustain new forms of local journalism."[24]

Local "news and journalism [has significance] for local communities and their economic, political, social and cultural life [...].”[25]

“Journalism is changing, nowhere more rapidly than in locally produced news."[26]

“We will never be able to compete with the national news outlets on scale. So instead, we will acknowledge our strengths: Proximity. Intimacy. Fidelity.”[27]

"For years, local and regional news outlets have been assaulted from all sides. Our costly investigations and shoe-leather reporting are summarized into clicky headlines and shared wildly by profitable aggregators. Advertisers are leaving in droves for Google and Facebook. And every year, it seems we have fewer journalists left to do this crucial work."[27]

"We will accept that digital display advertising on our sites alone won’t drive enough revenue to support our newsrooms, that the daily rise and fall of unique visitors has little to no actual correlation to the bottom line. With that understanding, we’ll pivot from our ruthless worship of Omniture to content and business strategies based upon a half-dozen or more revenue streams."[27]

"We will quickly capitalize on opportunities to welcome ourselves into our neighbors’ homes using consumer toys like Amazon Echo and Playstation VR. The Flash Briefing is the logical evolution of the push alert strategy. Chat bots and text subscriptions will allow for personal-feeling interaction with local journalists, and also allow us to talk to you even when you turned off your news alerts."[27]

"Local television stations will begin to look more like legacy news organizations; devoting more resources to social media strategy and mobile news presentation. Legacy news organizations will leverage new broadcasting power with streaming options like Facebook Live and will look more like local television stations. Both will place less weight on driving readers to our own .coms and seek instead to engage with them wherever we can find them. And we’ll make a little bit of cash by selling ad adjacencies, at an premium, on those platforms."[27]

"If local news organizations want to jump on this train, they will need to sharpen their focus to producing meaningful experiences and irreplicable content only — useful breaking news, purposeful beat coverage, jaw-dropping investigations, and moving storytelling centered around regional identity."[27]

Medical journalism

[edit | edit source]
File:Medical journalist making calls.jpg
A medical journalist calls a researcher that conducted the study she will report on. Credit: Danielle Krol, Daily Dose MD.

On the right is a photo of Danielle Krol, MD, calling a researcher that conducted the study she will report on.

Political journalism

[edit | edit source]
President Nixon poses with members of the press in Shanghai. Credit: Byron E. Schumaker.

President Richard M. Nixon, USA, poses with members of the press during his trip to Shanghai, China on 28 February 1972.

Sports journalism

[edit | edit source]
Marcos René Maidana is interviewed just after the victory in Buenos Aires, Argentina on September 23, 2011. Credit: Galeria de Daniel Ivoskus.

Sports reporters converge on Marcos René Maidana at right after his victory in Buenos Aires, Argentina on September 23, 2011.

Technology journalism

[edit | edit source]
Reporter Josh Topolsky interviews Julie Uhrman about Ouya. Credit: Kevin Krejci from Near the Pacific Ocean, USA.

On the right, tech journalism reporter Joshua Topolsky interviews Julie Uhrman about OUYA! at SZSW.

Video-game journalism

[edit | edit source]
Team Dignitas player Shaun "Apollo" Clark being interviewed by BBC Radio 1. Credit: MepHiii.

In the image at right Shaun Clark is interviewed by a British Broadcasting Company reporter regarding Team Dignitas.

Video journalism

[edit | edit source]
Main articles: Journalism/Videos and Video journalism
An African journalist uses a mobile phone as a reporting tool. Credit: Zia505.{{free media}}

"Video Journalism will assist you to develop a video news story that may have the density for further development, to become a current affairs piece and ultimately a documentary film. This study schedule, therefore, is a production process that an independent video journalist can follow with the view to broadcasting their work through reputable news outlets, or disseminating it through online open source news media channels like Wikinews."[28]

War journalism

[edit | edit source]
Marion von Haaren, a correspondent for the German public television station ARD interviews German Army General Karl-Heinz Lather. Credit: Rebecca F. Corey, U.S. Air Force.

In the image on the right, Marion von Haaren, a correspondent for the German public television station ARD interviews German Army General Karl-Heinz Lather, chief of staff of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Allied Command Operations, NATO, after a mission briefing Oct. 7, 2009, at Forward Operating Base Ghazni, Afghanistan.

Compositions

[edit | edit source]
Main articles: Compositions/Writings and Written compositions
The Inverted pyramid method is visualised. Credit: The US Air Force Departmental Publishing Office (AFDPO).

A newspaper, or online, feature article is composed of the following:

  1. a lede,
  2. topic sentence,
  3. a body, and an
  4. ending.[29]

The ratio of each of these may depend on the audience. In an inverted pyramid style the ratios are about 5:3:2 for lede (including topic sentence), body, and ending.

There is also what's called a "news-peg" or "hook", a focus, something that will interest a reader, usually the first sentence or the title.

The following elements should be present: What, When, Where, Why, Who, and How. Nearly all of these elements must appear somewhere in the story.

Def. "the state or condition of being"[30] with "all parts included; with nothing missing; full"[31] is called completeness.

Hypotheses

[edit | edit source]
Main article: Hypotheses
  1. The dominant group in journalism determines the course and focus of journalists.

See also

[edit | edit source]

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Apotheon (21 April 2006). journalism. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/journalism. Retrieved 2014-05-06. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Statement of Principles". American Society of News Editors (ASNE). Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  3. ↑ IFJ (International Federation of Journalists) – IFJ Declaration of Principles on the Conduct of Journalists
  4. ↑ "APME – Statement of Ethical Principles". apme.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008.
  5. ↑ "SPJ Code of Ethics". Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ). September 6, 2014. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  6. ↑ Internews Europe: Media Awards – Good Journalism Retrieved on June 9, 2009
  7. ↑ "Truth and the Media" (PDF). (50.1 KB) Dean, Catherine. Strathmore University Ethics Conference, 2006 (see p. 11, Harm limitation principle) Retrieved on June 9, 2009
  8. ↑ Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe – Resolution 1003 (1993) on the ethics of journalism |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626122000/http://assembly.coe.int//Main.asp?link=http%3A%2F%2Fassembly.coe.int%2FDocuments%2FAdoptedText%2Fta93%2Feres1003.htm |date=2009-06-26
  9. ↑ Press Complaints Commission – Codes of Practice |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214011756/http://www.pcc.org.uk/cop/practice.html |date=2012-12-14 }} (see item 12, "Discrimination")
  10. ↑ Italy – FNSI's La Carta dei Doveri (The Chart of Duties) (section "Principi")
  11. ↑ Spain – FAPE's Código Deontológico (Deontological Code) (see Principios Generales, item 7, "a")
  12. ↑ "Brazil – FENAJ's Code of Ethics" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-03. (see Article 6, item XIV)
  13. ↑ PACE Resolution 1003 (1993) on the Ethics of Journalism] |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626122000/http://assembly.coe.int//Main.asp?link=http%3A%2F%2Fassembly.coe.int%2FDocuments%2FAdoptedText%2Fta93%2Feres1003.htm |date=2009-06-26
  14. ↑ Christine Cooper (June 1995). "Ideology, hegemony and accounting discourse: a case study of the National Union of Journalists". Critical Perspectives on Accounting 6 (3): 175-209. doi:10.1006/cpac.1995.1019. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1045235485710192. Retrieved 2014-05-06. 
  15. ↑ Pi zero (21 March 2014). Newsworthiness. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Newsworthiness. Retrieved 2017-01-08. 
  16. ↑ Pi zero (21 March 2014). Specifics. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Newsworthiness. Retrieved 2017-01-08. 
  17. ↑ Tempodivalse (21 March 2014). Relevants. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Newsworthiness. Retrieved 2017-01-08. 
  18. ↑ SemperBlotto (29 July 2007). topicality. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/topicality. Retrieved 18 February 2019. 
  19. ↑ SemperBlotto (2 February 2006). topical. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/topical. Retrieved 18 February 2019. 
  20. ↑ Widsith (19 September 2010). interview. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interview. Retrieved 2017-01-08. 
  21. ↑ investigative journalism. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. March 1, 2014. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/investigative_journalism. Retrieved 2014-05-06. 
  22. ↑ Steve Weinberg, The Reporter's Handbook: An Investigator's Guide to Documents and Techniques, St. Martin's Press, 1996
  23. ↑ Investigative Journalism: Context and Practice, Hugo de Burgh (ed), Routledge, London and New York, 2000
  24. ↑ Rasmus Kleis Nielsen (2017). Local Journalism the decline of newspapers and the rise of digital media. Oxford, United Kingdom: Reuters Institute. http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/publication/local-journalism. Retrieved 2017-02-09. 
  25. ↑ Bob Franklin (2017). Local Journalism the decline of newspapers and the rise of digital media. Oxford, United Kingdom: Reuters Institute. http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/publication/local-journalism. Retrieved 2017-02-09. 
  26. ↑ David Ryfe (2017). Local Journalism the decline of newspapers and the rise of digital media. Oxford, United Kingdom: Reuters Institute. http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/publication/local-journalism. Retrieved 2017-02-09. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 Ashley C. Woods (December 2016). Local journalism will fight a new fight. Cambridge, MA: NiemanLab. http://www.niemanlab.org/2016/12/local-journalism-will-fight-a-new-fight/. Retrieved 2017-02-09. 
  28. ↑ Leighblackall (2 May 2017). Video journalism. San Francisco, California USA: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Video_journalism. Retrieved 2017-06-01. 
  29. ↑ Franklynn Peterson and Judi Kesselman-Turkel (1 January 1982). The Magazine Writer's Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.. pp. 263. ISBN 0-13-543751-2. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Magazine_Writer_s_Handbook.html?id=85sWD1B4xvcC&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2016-04-30. 
  30. ↑ Ncik (23 April 2005). completeness. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/completeness. Retrieved 19 February 2019. 
  31. ↑ Leonxlin (21 December 2011). complete. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/complete. Retrieved 19 February 2019. 
[edit | edit source]

{{Anthropology resources}}

{{Economics resources}}{{Humanities resources}}{{Reasoning resources}}

Retrieved from "https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Original_research/Journalism&oldid=2243492"