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Solar eclipse of October 10, 1912

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Solar eclipse of October 10, 1912
Map
Type of eclipse
NatureTotal
Gamma−0.4149
Magnitude1.0229
Maximum eclipse
Duration115 s (1 min 55 s)
Coordinates28°06′S 40°06′W / 28.1°S 40.1°W / -28.1; -40.1
Max. width of band85 km (53 mi)
Times (UTC)
Greatest eclipse13:36:14
References
Saros142 (17 of 72)
Catalog # (SE5000)9309

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Thursday, October 10, 1912,[1][2][3][4] with a magnitude of 1.0229. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 2.8 days after perigee (on October 7, 1912, at 18:50 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[5]

Totality was visible from Ecuador, Colombia, northern tip of Peru and Brazil. A partial eclipse was visible for parts of Central America, the Caribbean, South America, Antarctica, and Southern Africa.

Observation

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German physicist, mathematician and astronomer Johann Georg von Soldner calculated the gravitational lens effect in an article published in 1801. Albert Einstein got similar values in 1911, and proposed verifying it by observing the stars around the sun. The only feasible way at that time was observing during a total solar eclipse, when the sun is totally blocked. This was the first total solar eclipse after that.[6] Local teams from Brazil and international teams from the United Kingdom, France, the German Empire, Argentina and Chile made attempts in Brazil. However, it rained throughout almost the whole path of totality, and all teams failed.[7]

Eclipse details

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Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[8]

October 10, 1912 Solar Eclipse Times
Event Time (UTC)
First Penumbral External Contact 1912 October 10 at 10:57:15.4 UTC
First Umbral External Contact 1912 October 10 at 11:58:42.7 UTC
First Central Line 1912 October 10 at 11:58:57.3 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact 1912 October 10 at 11:59:12.0 UTC
First Penumbral Internal Contact 1912 October 10 at 13:16:22.6 UTC
Greatest Duration 1912 October 10 at 13:35:21.8 UTC
Greatest Eclipse 1912 October 10 at 13:36:13.5 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction 1912 October 10 at 13:40:37.9 UTC
Last Penumbral Internal Contact 1912 October 10 at 13:55:30.8 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction 1912 October 10 at 14:00:01.6 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact 1912 October 10 at 15:13:03.4 UTC
Last Central Line 1912 October 10 at 15:13:15.6 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact 1912 October 10 at 15:13:27.7 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact 1912 October 10 at 16:15:07.6 UTC
October 10, 1912 Solar Eclipse Parameters
Parameter Value
Eclipse Magnitude 1.02287
Eclipse Obscuration 1.04625
Gamma −0.41487
Sun Right Ascension 13h02m12.2s
Sun Declination -06°38'03.1"
Sun Semi-Diameter 16'01.4"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 08.8"
Moon Right Ascension 13h01m25.4s
Moon Declination -06°59'39.3"
Moon Semi-Diameter 16'08.7"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 0°59'15.3"
ΔT 14.3 s

Eclipse season

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This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Eclipse season of September–October 1912
September 26
Ascending node (full moon)
October 10
Descending node (new moon)
Partial lunar eclipse
Lunar Saros 116
Total solar eclipse
Solar Saros 142
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Eclipses in 1912

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Metonic

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Tzolkinex

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Half-Saros

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Tritos

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Solar Saros 142

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Inex

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Triad

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Solar eclipses of 1910–1913

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This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[9]

The partial solar eclipse on August 31, 1913 occurs in the next lunar year eclipse set.

Solar eclipse series sets from 1910 to 1913
Ascending node   Descending node
Saros Map Gamma Saros Map Gamma
117 May 9, 1910

Total
−0.9437 122 November 2, 1910

Partial
1.0603
127 April 28, 1911

Total
−0.2294 132 October 22, 1911

Annular
0.3224
137 April 17, 1912

Hybrid
0.528 142 October 10, 1912

Total
−0.4149
147 April 6, 1913

Partial
1.3147 152 September 30, 1913

Partial
−1.1005

Saros 142

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This eclipse is a part of Saros series 142, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 72 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on April 17, 1624. It contains a hybrid eclipse on July 14, 1768, and total eclipses from July 25, 1786 through October 29, 2543. There are no annular eclipses in this set. The series ends at member 72 as a partial eclipse on June 5, 2904. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.

The longest duration of totality will be produced by member 38 at 6 minutes, 34 seconds on May 28, 2291. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s descending node of orbit.[10]

Series members 11–32 occur between 1801 and 2200:
11 12 13

August 5, 1804

August 16, 1822

August 27, 1840
14 15 16

September 7, 1858

September 17, 1876

September 29, 1894
17 18 19

October 10, 1912

October 21, 1930

November 1, 1948
20 21 22

November 12, 1966

November 22, 1984

December 4, 2002
23 24 25

December 14, 2020

December 26, 2038

January 5, 2057
26 27 28

January 16, 2075

January 27, 2093

February 8, 2111
29 30 31

February 18, 2129

March 2, 2147

March 12, 2165
32

March 23, 2183

Metonic series

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The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's descending node.

22 eclipse events between March 5, 1848 and July 30, 1935
March 5–6 December 22–24 October 9–11 July 29–30 May 17–18
108 110 112 114 116

March 5, 1848

July 29, 1859

May 17, 1863
118 120 122 124 126

March 6, 1867

December 22, 1870

October 10, 1874

July 29, 1878

May 17, 1882
128 130 132 134 136

March 5, 1886

December 22, 1889

October 9, 1893

July 29, 1897

May 18, 1901
138 140 142 144 146

March 6, 1905

December 23, 1908

October 10, 1912

July 30, 1916

May 18, 1920
148 150 152 154

March 5, 1924

December 24, 1927

October 11, 1931

July 30, 1935

Tritos series

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This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2087

August 17, 1803
(Saros 132)

July 17, 1814
(Saros 133)

June 16, 1825
(Saros 134)

May 15, 1836
(Saros 135)

April 15, 1847
(Saros 136)

March 15, 1858
(Saros 137)

February 11, 1869
(Saros 138)

January 11, 1880
(Saros 139)

December 12, 1890
(Saros 140)

November 11, 1901
(Saros 141)

October 10, 1912
(Saros 142)

September 10, 1923
(Saros 143)

August 10, 1934
(Saros 144)

July 9, 1945
(Saros 145)

June 8, 1956
(Saros 146)

May 9, 1967
(Saros 147)

April 7, 1978
(Saros 148)

March 7, 1989
(Saros 149)

February 5, 2000
(Saros 150)

January 4, 2011
(Saros 151)

December 4, 2021
(Saros 152)

November 3, 2032
(Saros 153)

October 3, 2043
(Saros 154)

September 2, 2054
(Saros 155)

August 2, 2065
(Saros 156)

July 1, 2076
(Saros 157)

June 1, 2087
(Saros 158)

Inex series

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This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200

December 9, 1825
(Saros 139)

November 20, 1854
(Saros 140)

October 30, 1883
(Saros 141)

October 10, 1912
(Saros 142)

September 21, 1941
(Saros 143)

August 31, 1970
(Saros 144)

August 11, 1999
(Saros 145)

July 22, 2028
(Saros 146)

July 1, 2057
(Saros 147)

June 11, 2086
(Saros 148)

May 24, 2115
(Saros 149)

May 3, 2144
(Saros 150)

April 12, 2173
(Saros 151)

Notes

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  1. ^ "October 10, 1912 Total Solar Eclipse". timeanddate. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  2. ^ "SOLAR ECLIPSE. Disappointed Scientists". Manchester Evening News. Manchester, Greater Manchester, England. 1912-10-11. p. 6. Retrieved 2023-11-03 – via Newspapers.com.
  3. ^ "TOTAL ECLIPSE OF THE SUN OCT. 10". Martinsburg Statesman-Democrat. Martinsburg, West Virginia. 1912-10-11. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-11-03 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ "SOLAR ECLIPSE FAILURE". Leicester Mercury. Leicester, Leicestershire, England. 1912-10-11. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-11-03 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  6. ^ Helmut Hornung (26 May 2015). "A solar eclipse sheds light on physics". Phys.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020.
  7. ^ "GENERAL NOTES". Astronomical Society of the Pacific. December 1912. pp. 288–290. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019.
  8. ^ "Total Solar Eclipse of 1912 Oct 10". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  9. ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  10. ^ "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 142". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.

Additional reading

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References

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