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2021 年 6 月,[[欧洲联盟委员会]]宣布计划在 2027 年之前禁止笼养一些动物,包括蛋鸡、雌性种猪、小牛肉、兔子、鸭子和鹅。<ref>{{Cite web|title=The worst horrors of factory farming could soon be phased out in Europe|url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22698265/europe-cage-ban-animal-welfare-eggs-pork-united-states|date=2021-09-29|last=Moens|first=Jonathan}}</ref>
2021 年 6 月,[[欧洲联盟委员会]]宣布计划在 2027 年之前禁止笼养一些动物,包括蛋鸡、雌性种猪、小牛肉、兔子、鸭子和鹅。<ref>{{Cite web|title=The worst horrors of factory farming could soon be phased out in Europe|url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22698265/europe-cage-ban-animal-welfare-eggs-pork-united-states|date=2021-09-29|last=Moens|first=Jonathan}}</ref>

== 争议和批评 ==
工厂化养殖的倡导者声称,过去二十年来,工厂化养殖改善了住房、营养和疾病控制;然而,这些说法已被揭穿。 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=Richard |last2=Richard Bennett |year=1986 |title=Statutory Protection for Farm Animals |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/penv3&div=16&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=2&men_tab=srchresults&terms=7%20B.%20C.%20Envtl.%20Aff.%20L.%20Rev.%20423&type=matchall#237 |journal=Pace Environmental Law Review |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=229–256 |doi=10.58948/0738-6206.1205 |s2cid=166893737 |access-date=November 11, 2011 |doi-access=free}}</ref>事实证明,工厂化养殖危害野生动物和环境, <ref>{{Cite news|author=van der Zee|first=Bibi|date=October 4, 2017|title=Why factory farming is not just cruel – but also a threat to all life on the planet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/oct/04/factory-farming-destructive-wasteful-cruel-says-philip-lymbery-farmageddon-author|work=The Guardian|accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref>造成健康风险, {{Refnest|<ref name=CAFOCDCP/><ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/oldcomm4/out17_en.html "The Welfare of Intensively Kept Pigs &nbsp;– Report of the Scientific Veterinary Committee&nbsp;– Adopted 30 September 1997] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522231342/http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/oldcomm4/out17_en.html |date=May 22, 2013 }}, European Commission, and [https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/197 "Opinion of the AHAW Panel related to the welfare aspects of various systems of keeping laying hens"], European Food Safety Authority (March 7, 2005)</ref><ref name=mc0>{{cite news|url=http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=madcowdairy28&date=20031228|title=Supplements used in factory farming can spread disease|author=Blaine Harden|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=December 28, 2003|access-date=May 28, 2007|archive-date=March 2, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302204242/http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=madcowdairy28&date=20031228|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=hogs1>{{cite web|url=http://www.epi.state.nc.us/epi/mera/iloodoreffects.html|title=The Association of Health Effects with Exposure to Odors from Hog Farm Operations|publisher=North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services|date=December 7, 1998|author=A. Dennis McBride }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/food-safety.html#page=1|title=Food Article, Foodborne Illness Information, Pathogen Facts|author=Jennifer Ackerman|work=National Geographic|access-date=September 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512014645/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/food-safety.html|archive-date=12 May 2008}}</ref>}}虐待动物, <ref name="CBC2000">[http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2000/07/28/000727farming.html "Commissioner points to factory farming as source of contamination"], CBC, July 28, 2000.</ref> <ref>[[Yuval Noah Harari]]. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/sep/25/industrial-farming-one-worst-crimes-history-ethical-question "Industrial farming is one of the worst crimes in history."] ''[[The Guardian]].'' September 25, 2015.</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Wasley|first=Andrew|author2=Jones|first2=Natalie|date=December 17, 2018|title=Chickens freezing to death and boiled alive: failings in US slaughterhouses exposed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/dec/17/chickens-freezing-to-death-and-boiled-alive-failings-in-us-slaughterhouses-exposed|work=The Guardian|accessdate=December 19, 2018}}</ref>剥削工人(特别是无证工人), <ref>{{Cite book|last=Nibert|first=David|authorlink=David Nibert|date=2013|title=Animal Oppression and Human Violence: Domesecration, Capitalism, and Global Conflict|url=http://cup.columbia.edu/book/animal-oppression-and-human-violence/9780231151894|location=|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|page=228|isbn=978-0231151894}}</ref>并引发非常严重的道德问题。 <ref>{{Cite news|author=Greenwald|first=Glenn|date=October 5, 2017|title=The FBI's Hunt for Two Missing Piglets Reveals the Federal Cover-Up of Barbaric Factory Farms|url=https://theintercept.com/2017/10/05/factory-farms-fbi-missing-piglets-animal-rights-glenn-greenwald/|work=[[The Intercept]]|authorlink=Glenn Greenwald|accessdate=October 5, 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=August 11, 2022|title=The Moral Atrocity of Factory Farming and Why We Must Not Look Away|url=https://www.currentaffairs.org/2022/08/the-moral-atrocity-of-factory-farming-and-why-we-must-not-look-away|work=[[Current Affairs (magazine)|Current Affairs]]|location=|accessdate=August 23, 2022}}</ref>

== 动物福利 ==

2024年4月3日 (三) 12:43的版本

条例

主要条款: 动物法

在不同的司法管辖区,某些类型的集约化动物生产须遵守环境保护法规。在美国,排放或拟排放废物的集约化畜禽饲养场(CAFO)需要获得许可,并实施粪便养分、污染物、废水等管理计划(如适用),以满足联邦《清洁水法》[1][2]的要求。2000 年,美国环境保护局公布了 32 个行业 5 年和 1 年的环境绩效数据,其中畜牧业的数据主要来自对 CAFO 的检查。这些数据主要涉及根据《清洁水法》进行的检查和执法,也涉及根据《清洁空气法》和《资源保护与恢复法》进行的检查和执法。在 32 个行业中,畜牧业在 5 年期间的环境绩效排名前七位,在最后一年的排名前两位。畜牧业 5 年和最后一年的执法/检查比率分别为 0.05 和 0.01。同样在最后一年,畜牧业是 32 个行业中违规设施比例最低的两个行业之一。[3]在加拿大,集约化畜牧业受省级监管,各省对受监管实体的定义各不相同。例如,集约化畜牧业(萨斯喀彻温省)、封闭饲养业(艾伯塔省)、饲养场(不列颠哥伦比亚省)、高密度永久性室外圈养区(安大略省)和饲养场或加工厂(马尼托巴省)。在加拿大,集约化畜牧生产与其他农业部门一样,也要遵守其他各种联邦和省级规定。

在美国,包括联邦《动物福利法》在内的半数州立虐待动物法都将养殖动物排除在外。1873 年颁布并于 1994 年修订的《28 小时法》规定,当动物被运往屠宰场时,车辆必须每隔 28 小时停靠一次,动物必须被放出来运动、进食和饮水。美国农业部称,该法不适用于鸟类。《人道屠宰法》也有类似限制。该法最初于 1958 年通过,要求牲畜在屠宰前必须被电晕至失去知觉。该法也不包括鸟类(占屠宰食用动物的 90% 以上)、兔子和鱼类。各州都有自己的虐待动物法规;不过,许多州都有"农场权法"作为豁免标准农业做法的规定。[4][5]

美国试图以最现实的方式监管农场。要想以有限的资源和时间有效监管最多的动物,最简单的方法就是监管大型农场。在纽约州,许多动物饲养场不被视为 CAFO,因为它们的奶牛数量不足 300 头。这些农场没有像 CAFO 那样受到监管。这可能导致污染和养分沥滤。美国环保局的网站说明了这一问题的严重性,称纽约州海湾流域有 247 家动物饲养场,其中只有 68 家[6]是州污染物排放消除系统 (SPDES)[7]许可的 CAFO。

在俄亥俄州,动物福利组织与农场组织通过谈判达成了和解,而在加利福尼亚州,选民于 2008 年批准了提案 2,《农场动物圈养标准》[8]其他州也颁布了相关法规,并计划在其他州开展全民公决和游说活动。[9]

2009 年 2 月,美国农业部提出了一项名为 "粪便及其他农业和工业副产品利用 "的行动计划。该计划的目标是通过安全有效地利用粪便来保护环境以及人类和动物的健康。为了实现这一目标,需要采取多项行动,其中包括以下四项内容:[10]

  • 通过更有效的动物营养和管理提高粪肥营养成分的利用率。
  • 通过改进收集、贮存和处理方法,实现粪肥价值最大化。
  • 在综合耕作系统中利用粪便,提高盈利能力并保护土壤、水和空气��量。
  • 将粪便和其他农业副产品用作可再生能源。

2012 年,澳大利亚最大的连锁超市 Coles 宣布,自 2013 年 1 月 1 日起,将停止销售来自工厂化农场的公司品牌猪肉和鸡蛋。澳大利亚另一家主要连锁超市伍尔沃斯(Woolworths)已经开始逐步淘汰工厂化养殖的动物产品。现在,伍尔沃斯的所有自家品牌鸡蛋都是无笼养鸡蛋,到 2013 年年中,他们的所有猪肉都将来自经营无厩肥农场的农户。[11]

2021 年 6 月,欧洲联盟委员会宣布计划在 2027 年之前禁止笼养一些动物,包括蛋鸡、雌性种猪、小牛肉、兔子、鸭子和鹅。[12]

争议和批评

工厂化养殖的倡导者声称,过去二十年来,工厂化养殖改善了住房、营养和疾病控制;然而,这些说法已被揭穿。 [13]事实证明,工厂化养殖危害野生动物和环境, [14]造成健康风险, [20]虐待动物, [21] [22] [23]剥削工人(特别是无证工人), [24]并引发非常严重的道德问题。 [25] [26]

动物福利

  1. ^ Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs): About | CDC HSB. web.archive.org. 2006-10-21 [2024-04-01]. 
  2. ^ US Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 122.42(e)
  3. ^ US EPA. 2000. Profile of the agricultural livestock production industry. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Compliance. EPA/310-R-00-002. 156 pp.
  4. ^ Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs): About | CDC HSB. web.archive.org. 2006-10-21 [2024-04-01]. 
  5. ^ US - Food Animal - Humane Methods of Livestock Slaughter | Animal Legal & Historical Center. www.animallaw.info. [2024-04-01]. 
  6. ^ New York Animal Agriculture Program Assessment (December 3, 2019). (PDF) https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-07/documents/new_york_animal_agriculture_program_assessment_final_2.pdf.  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  7. ^ www.dec.ny.gov – NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation. 
  8. ^ Proposition 2: Standards for Confining Farm Animals - California State Government (smartvoter.org)Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  9. ^ "Farmers Lean to Truce on Animals’ Close Quarters" article by Erik Eckholm in The New York Times August 11, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  10. ^ 粪肥和其他工农业副产品的利用 (PDF). 2009-02-05 (英语). 
  11. ^ Ocean Robbins. Is Animal Cruelty Doomed?. Is Animal Cruelty Doomed?. 2012-11-26. 
  12. ^ Moens, Jonathan. The worst horrors of factory farming could soon be phased out in Europe. 2021-09-29. 
  13. ^ McCarthy, Richard; Richard Bennett. Statutory Protection for Farm Animals. Pace Environmental Law Review. 1986, 3 (2): 229–256 [November 11, 2011]. S2CID 166893737. doi:10.58948/0738-6206.1205可免费查阅. 
  14. ^ van der Zee, Bibi. Why factory farming is not just cruel – but also a threat to all life on the planet. The Guardian. October 4, 2017 [October 5, 2017]. 
  15. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为CAFOCDCP的参考文献提供内容
  16. ^ "The Welfare of Intensively Kept Pigs  – Report of the Scientific Veterinary Committee – Adopted 30 September 1997 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期May 22, 2013,., European Commission, and "Opinion of the AHAW Panel related to the welfare aspects of various systems of keeping laying hens", European Food Safety Authority (March 7, 2005)
  17. ^ Blaine Harden. Supplements used in factory farming can spread disease. The Washington Post. December 28, 2003 [May 28, 2007]. (原始内容存档于March 2, 2008). 
  18. ^ A. Dennis McBride. The Association of Health Effects with Exposure to Odors from Hog Farm Operations. North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. December 7, 1998. 
  19. ^ Jennifer Ackerman. Food Article, Foodborne Illness Information, Pathogen Facts. National Geographic. [September 6, 2015]. (原始内容存档于12 May 2008). 
  20. ^ [15][16][17][18][19]
  21. ^ "Commissioner points to factory farming as source of contamination", CBC, July 28, 2000.
  22. ^ Yuval Noah Harari. "Industrial farming is one of the worst crimes in history." The Guardian. September 25, 2015.
  23. ^ Wasley, Andrew; Jones, Natalie. Chickens freezing to death and boiled alive: failings in US slaughterhouses exposed. The Guardian. December 17, 2018 [December 19, 2018]. 
  24. ^ Nibert, David. Animal Oppression and Human Violence: Domesecration, Capitalism, and Global Conflict. Columbia University Press. 2013: 228. ISBN 978-0231151894. 
  25. ^ Greenwald, Glenn. The FBI's Hunt for Two Missing Piglets Reveals the Federal Cover-Up of Barbaric Factory Farms. The Intercept. October 5, 2017 [October 5, 2017]. 
  26. ^ The Moral Atrocity of Factory Farming and Why We Must Not Look Away. Current Affairs. August 11, 2022 [August 23, 2022].