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==Pests and diseases==
==Pests and diseases==
'Independence' has proven only moderately resistant to [[Dutch elm disease]] after inoculation with the causal fungus, and is also susceptible to [[Elm Yellows]].<ref name>Townsend, A. M., Bentz, S. E., and Douglass L. W. (2005). [http://www.elmpost.org/19elms.pdf Evaluation of 19 American Elm Clones for Tolerance to Dutch Elm Disease]. ''Journal of Environmental Horticulture'', March 2005, Horticultural Research Institute, Washington, D.C.</ref> The species as a whole is also moderately preferred for feeding and reproduction by the adult Elm Leaf Beetle ''[[Xanthogaleruca luteola]]'' <ref name=Miller,a>Miller, F. and Ware, G. (2001). Resistance of Temperate Chinese Elms (Ulmuss spp.) to Feeding of the Adult Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). ''Journal of Economic Entomology'' 94 (1): 162-166. 2001. Entom. Soc.of America.</ref> [http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/0022-0493%282001%29094%5B0162%3AROTCEU%5D2.0.CO%3B2]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}, and highly preferred for feeding by the Japanese Beetle ''[[Popillia japonica]]'' <ref name=Miller,b>Miller, F., Ware, G. and Jackson, J. (2001). Preference of Temperate Chinese Elms (Ulmuss spp.) for the Feeding of the Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). ''Journal of Economic Entomology'' 94 (2). pp 445-448. 2001. Entom. Soc.of America.</ref> [http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/0022-0493%282001%29094%5B0445%3APOTCEU%5D2.0.CO%3B2]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm|access-date=17 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132152/http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm|title=Elm Leaf Beetle Survey|archive-date=2011-07-19}}</ref> in the United States.
is susceptible to [[Elm ]] and [Elm ] is also moderately preferred for feeding and reproduction by the adult Elm Leaf Beetle ''[[Xanthogaleruca luteola]]'' <ref name=Miller,a>Miller Ware Resistance of Temperate Chinese Elms ( spp.) to Feeding the Adult Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Journal of Economic Entomology () 2001 doi10.1603/0022-0493.. | = | }}, and highly preferred for feeding by the Japanese Beetle ''[[Popillia japonica]]'' <ref name=Miller,b>Miller Ware Jackson Preference of Temperate Chinese Elms ( spp.) for the Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Journal of Economic Entomology () 2001 doi10.1603/0022-0493.. | =}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm|access-date=17 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132152/http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm|title=Elm Leaf Beetle Survey|archive-date=2011-07-19}}</ref> in the United States.
''U. americana'' is also the most susceptible of all the elms to [[verticillium wilt]].<ref name=Pegg>Pegg, G. F. & Brady, B. L. (2002). ''Verticillium Wilts''. CABI Publishing. {{ISBN|0-85199-529-2}}</ref>
''U. americana'' is also the most susceptible of all the elms to [[verticillium wilt]].<ref name=Pegg>Pegg, G. F. & Brady, B. L. (2002). ''Verticillium Wilts''. CABI Publishing. {{ISBN|0-85199-529-2}}</ref>


==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==

Revision as of 20:46, 10 August 2018

Ulmus americana 'Independence'
SpeciesUlmus americana
Cultivar'Independence'
OriginUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison, USA

The American Elm cultivar Ulmus americana 'Independence' was raised by Eugene B. Smalley and Donald T. Lester at the University of Wisconsin–Madison from a crossing of the American Elm cultivar Moline and American Elm clone W-185-21, to become one of the six clones forming the American Liberty series, and the only one to be patented (U. S. Plant Patent 6227).

Description

Almost identical to the species.

Pests and diseases

No specific information available, but the species as a whole is highly susceptible to Dutch Elm Disease and Elm Yellows; it is also moderately preferred for feeding and reproduction by the adult Elm Leaf Beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola [1], and highly preferred for feeding by the Japanese Beetle Popillia japonica [2] [3] in the United States. U. americana is also the most susceptible of all the elms to verticillium wilt.[4] [5] in the United States.

Cultivation

The tree is not known to be in cultivation beyond North America.

Accessions

North America

References

  1. ^ Miller, Fredric; Ware, George (2001-02-01). "Resistance of Temperate Chinese Elms (Ulmus spp.) to Feeding by the Adult Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Journal of Economic Entomology. 94 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 162–166. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.162. ISSN 0022-0493. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  2. ^ Miller, Fredric; Ware, George; Jackson, Jennifer (2001-04-01). "Preference of Temperate Chinese Elms ( Ulmus spp.) for the Adult Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)". Journal of Economic Entomology. 94 (2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 445–448. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-94.2.445. ISSN 0022-0493.
  3. ^ "Elm Leaf Beetle Survey". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  4. ^ Pegg, G. F. & Brady, B. L. (2002). Verticillium Wilts. CABI Publishing. ISBN 0-85199-529-2
  5. ^ "Elm Leaf Beetle Survey". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
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