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general revisions: adding more precision, more sources, replacing most unsourced material with sourced info, and reorganizing into section about its general and more common meaning and section about its other meanings in specific contexts (although this latter section could be an issue of WP:NOTDICT)
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{{Short description|Type of fortress in Arabic or Islamic regions and denominations}}
{{Short description|Type of fortress in Arabic or Islamic regions and denominations}}
{{Redirect|Casbah}}
{{Redirect|Casbah}}
[[File:Kasbah of Sfax.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Kasbah of Sfax]], [[Tunisia]], [[Maghreb]]]]
[[File:Kasbah of Sfax.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Kasbah of Sfax]] [[Tunisia]]]]


A '''kasbah''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|z|b|ɑː}}, <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|k|ɑː|z|-}}; {{lang-ar|قَـصَـبَـة|qaṣaba}}, {{IPA-ar|qasˤaba}}, [[Moroccan Arabic]] {{IPA-ar|qasˤba|}} 'central part of a town; citadel'), also spelled '''casbah''' or '''qasbah''', more rarely as '''qasaba''', '''gasaba''' or '''qasabeh''', in [[India]] also as '''qassabah''', is a type of fortress, a [[citadel]].<ref>Ingeborg Lehmann, Rita Henss (2012): ''Morocco Baedeker Guide'', p. 214: "KASBAH A mud-brick castle that serves as a residence for the local Berber tribe is called a kasbah or »tighremt« in Morocco. Some are private mansions, others are even whole fortified villages with many large and small buildings crowded on [...]"</ref><ref>[[Barnaby Rogerson]] (2000): ''Marrakesh, Fez, Rabat'', p. 65: "as its purpose, for a kasbah should be the domain of a ruler, be he sultan, governor or just a tribal chieftain. Most of the ancient cities of Morocco retain a large portion of their outer walls, but the kasbah (the government citadel containing [...]"</ref><ref>International Business Publications, USA (2006): ''Morocco: A Country Study Guide'', p. 229: "[[Abd al-Mu'min|Sultan Abdelmoumen]] transformed what was not much more than a Casbah and built a mosque and a palace here too."</ref> By extension, the term can also refer to a [[medina quarter]]. In various languages, the Arabic word, or local words [[Loanword|borrowed]] from the Arabic word, can also refer to a [[keep]], an [[old town]], a [[watchtower]] or a [[blockhouse]].
A '''kasbah''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|z|b|ɑː}}, <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|k|ɑː|z|-}}; {{lang-ar|قَـصَـبَـة|qaṣaba}}, {{IPA-ar|qasˤaba}}, [[ Arabic]] {{IPA-ar|qasˤba|}}), also spelled '''''', '''qasaba''', or '''''', [[]], [[citadel]] . :" a or . </ref><ref>[[Barnaby Rogerson]] (2000): ''Marrakesh, Fez, Rabat'', p. 65: "as its purpose, for a kasbah should be the domain of a ruler, be he sultan, governor or just a tribal chieftain. Most of the ancient cities of Morocco retain a large portion of their outer walls, but the kasbah (the government citadel containing [...]"</ref><ref> , '': '', . :" -| and .</ref> By extension, the term can also refer to a [[medina quarter]]. In various languages, the Arabic word, or local words [[Loanword|borrowed]] from the Arabic word, can also refer to a , , a [[watchtower]] or a [[blockhouse]].


==Citadel or fortress==
==Keep==
The term ''qasaba'' was historically flexible but it essentially denotes a fortress, commonly a citadel that protects a city or settlement area, or that serves as the administrative center.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Barrucand|first=Marianne|title=Moorish architecture in Andalusia|last2=Bednorz|first2=Achim|publisher=Taschen|year=1992|isbn=3822896322|location=|pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=228}}<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Arnold|first=Felix|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=Islamic%20Palace%20Architecture%20in%20the%20Western%20Mediterranean&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=Islamic%20Palace%20Architecture%20in%20the%20Western%20Mediterranean&f=false|title=Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=9780190624552|location=|pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=122}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Bloom|first=Jonathan M.|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=Architecture%20of%20the%20Islamic%20West%3A%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Iberian%20Peninsula%2C%20700-1800&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=Architecture%20of%20the%20Islamic%20West:%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Iberian%20Peninsula,%20700-1800&f=false|title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2020|isbn=9780300218701|location=|pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=282}}<ref name=":0" /> A kasbah citadel typically housed the military garrison and other privileged buildings such as a palace, along with other amenities such as a [[mosque]] and a [[hammam]] (bathhouse).<ref name=":32" />{{Rp|page=147}}<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=135}} This could be built in a strategic elevated position overlooking the city, like the [[Kasbah of the Udayas|Kasbah of the Oudayas]] in [[Rabat]], [[Morocco]], or the [[Alcazaba of Málaga]] in [[Spain]].<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=135}}<ref name=":3" /> It could also be a large purpose-built royal quarter, protected by its own set of walls, that housed the palace of the ruler and the administration of the state. Examples of this include the [[Kasbah of Marrakesh]] and the Kasbah of [[Tunis]], both founded by the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohads]], who built or redeveloped similar palace enclosures in many important cities of their empire.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=141}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Binous|first1=Jamila|title=Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia|last2=Baklouti|first2=Naceur|last3=Ben Tanfous|first3=Aziza|last4=Bouteraa|first4=Kadri|last5=Rammah|first5=Mourad|last6=Zouari|first6=Ali|publisher=Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF|year=2002|isbn=9783902782199|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name=":32" />{{Rp|pages=195-197}} In some cases, kasbahs could be simple fortified enclosures around a city that housed military garrisons, without being the main citadel. In [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]], for example, there were up to 13 kasbahs were built throughout the city in different periods, including the [[Kasbah An-Nouar|Kasbah an-Nouar]] and the [[Kasbah Cherarda]].<ref name=":0322">{{Cite book|last=Le Tourneau|first=Roger|title=Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman|publisher=Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition|year=1949|location=Casablanca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-07-24|title=نفائس فاس العتيقة : بناء 13 قصبة لأغراض عسكرية {{!}} جريدة الصباح|url=https://assabah.ma/70643.html|access-date=2022-02-16|website=assabah.ma|language=ar}}</ref> [[File:Kasbah Glaoui in Télouet Morocco.jpg|thumb|[[Telouet Kasbah]] in [[Morocco]]]]
[[File:Kasbah Glaoui in Télouet Morocco.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Telouet Kasbah]] main building, [[Morocco]], [[North Africa]]]]


In Morocco, the term "kasbah" is also used in predominantly [[Berbers|Amazigh]] regions to denote a fortified residence (''tighremt'' in [[Berber languages|Amazigh languages]]), often built of [[mudbrick]], such as the [[Telouet Kasbah|Kasbah of Telouet]] or the [[Kasbah Amridil]].<ref>Ingeborg Lehmann, Rita Henss (2012): ''Morocco Baedeker Guide'', p. 214: "KASBAH A mud-brick castle that serves as a residence for the local Berber tribe is called a kasbah or »tighremt« in Morocco. Some are private mansions, others are even whole fortified villages with many large and small buildings crowded on [...]"</ref><ref name=":432">{{Cite book|last=Naji|first=Salima|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=00k3iCkYYEQC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PP1&dq=Art%20et%20Architectures%20berb%C3%A8res%20du%20Maroc&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=Art%20et%20Architectures%20berb%C3%A8res%20du%20Maroc&f=false|title=Art et Architectures berbères du Maroc|publisher=Editions la Croisée des Chemins|year=2009|isbn=9782352700579|location=|pages=}}</ref> In southern [[Tunisia]], the term is sometimes applied to some fortified [[Granary|granaries]] (also known as ''[[Ksar|ksour]]'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Golvin|first=L.|date=1989-01-01|title=Architecture berbère|url=https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2582|journal=Encyclopédie berbère|language=fr|issue=6|pages=865–877|doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2582|issn=1015-7344}}</ref>
In the [[Maghreb]] and in [[Iberia]], the [[Arabic]] word form of ''kasbah'' frequently refers to multiple buildings in a [[keep]], a [[citadel]], or several structures behind a defensive wall. The Arabic word was [[Loanword|borrowed]] into Spanish as {{lang|es|[[alcazaba]]}}, naming the equivalent building in [[Andalusia]] or [[Al-Andalus|Moorish Spain]], into Portuguese as {{lang|pt|alcáçova}}, and into Catalan as {{lang|ca|alcassaba}}. A kasbah was a place for the local leader to live and a defense when a city was under attack. A kasbah has high walls, usually without windows. Sometimes, like in [[Tangiers]], they were built on hilltops so that they could be more easily defended. Some were placed near the entrance to harbors. Having a kasbah built was a sign of [[wealth]] of some families in the city. When [[French Algeria|colonization started]] in 1830, in northern [[Algeria]], there were a number of kasbahs that lasted for more than 100 years.{{Clarify|date=August 2021}}


== Other uses of the term ==
==Old city==
⚫
The word ''kasbah'' may also be used to describe the old part of a city, in which case it has the same meaning as a [[medina quarter]]. Some of the prominent examples of kasbah as an old city is the [[Casbah of Algiers]] and the [[Casbah of Dellys]]. In Turkish and [[Urdu]] the word ''kasaba'' refers to a settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city; in short, a town. In [[Serbo-Croatian]], ''kasaba'' (Cyrillic: {{lang|sh|касаба}}) means an undeveloped, provincial small town. In India, a qasbah is a small town distinguished by the presence of Muslim families of rank.<ref>E. A. Mann (1992): ''Boundaries and Identities: Muslims, Work and Status in Aligarh'', p. 23: "A qasbah is a small town distinguished by the presence of 'decent people or families of some rank' (Platts, 1974)."</ref>


==Watchtower==
====
The word ''kasbah'' may also be used to describe the old part of a city, in which case it has the same meaning as a [[medina quarter]]. In [[Algiers]], the name ''qasaba'' originally referred to the upper part of the city which contained the citadel and residence of the rulers.<ref name=":0522">{{Cite book|last=Hoexter|first=Miriam|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|last2=Shuval|first2=Tal|publisher=Brill|year=|editor-last=Fleet|editor-first=Kate|location=|pages=|chapter=Algiers|issn=1873-9830|editor-last2=Krämer|editor-first2=Gudrun|editor-last3=Matringe|editor-first3=Denis|editor-last4=Nawas|editor-first4=John|editor-last5=Rowson|editor-first5=Everett}}</ref> Following the [[French conquest of Algeria|French conquest of the country]] in 1830, most of the historic lower town of Algiers was demolished and remodeled along [[Europe|European]] lines. The only part of the old city that remained relatively untouched was the upper town, thus known as the [[Casbah of Algiers|"Casbah" of Algiers]].<ref name=":0522" /><ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=237}} The [[Casbah of Dellys]] is another example of the term being used for an old city.

=== Settlement ===
⚫
In Turkish and [[Urdu]] the word ''kasaba'' refers to a settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city; in short, a town. In [[Serbo-Croatian]], ''kasaba'' (Cyrillic: {{lang|sh|касаба}}) means an undeveloped, provincial small town. In India, a qasbah is a small town distinguished by the presence of Muslim families of rank.<ref>E. A. Mann (1992): ''Boundaries and Identities: Muslims, Work and Status in Aligarh'', p. 23: "A qasbah is a small town distinguished by the presence of 'decent people or families of some rank' (Platts, 1974)."</ref>

=== Watchtowers in the Arabian Peninsula ===
[[Image:Baha-old-architecture.jpg|thumb|Kasbah watchtower in the [[Hejaz]]i city of [[Al Baha]], [[Saudi Arabia]]]]
[[Image:Baha-old-architecture.jpg|thumb|Kasbah watchtower in the [[Hejaz]]i city of [[Al Baha]], [[Saudi Arabia]]]]


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==See also==
==See also==
* [[Ksar]]
* [[Ribat]]
* [[Ribat]]


Revision as of 04:28, 16 February 2022

"Casbah" redirects here. For other uses, see Casbah (disambiguation).
Kasbah of Sfax in Tunisia

A kasbah (/ˈkæzbɑː/, also US: /ˈkɑːz-/; Arabic: قَـصَـبَـة, romanized: qaṣaba, lit. 'fortress', Arabic pronunciation: [qasˤaba], Maghrebi Arabic: [qasˤba]), also spelled qasba, qasaba, or casbah, is a fortress, most commonly the citadel or fortified quarter of a city.[1][2][3][4] It also equivalent to the term alcazaba in Spanish, which derives from the Arabic word.[5][6] By extension, the term can also refer to a medina quarter, particularly in Algeria. In various languages, the Arabic word, or local words borrowed from the Arabic word, can also refer to a settlement, a fort, a watchtower, or a blockhouse.

Citadel or fortress

The term qasaba was historically flexible but it essentially denotes a fortress, commonly a citadel that protects a city or settlement area, or that serves as the administrative center.[7]: 228 [8]: 122 [9]: 282 [4] A kasbah citadel typically housed the military garrison and other privileged buildings such as a palace, along with other amenities such as a mosque and a hammam (bathhouse).[8]: 147 [9]: 135  This could be built in a strategic elevated position overlooking the city, like the Kasbah of the Oudayas in Rabat, Morocco, or the Alcazaba of Málaga in Spain.[9]: 135 [7] It could also be a large purpose-built royal quarter, protected by its own set of walls, that housed the palace of the ruler and the administration of the state. Examples of this include the Kasbah of Marrakesh and the Kasbah of Tunis, both founded by the Almohads, who built or redeveloped similar palace enclosures in many important cities of their empire.[9]: 141 [10][8]: 195–197  In some cases, kasbahs could be simple fortified enclosures around a city that housed military garrisons, without being the main citadel. In Fez, for example, there were up to 13 kasbahs were built throughout the city in different periods, including the Kasbah an-Nouar and the Kasbah Cherarda.[11][12]

Telouet Kasbah in Morocco

In Morocco, the term "kasbah" is also used in predominantly Amazigh regions to denote a fortified residence (tighremt in Amazigh languages), often built of mudbrick, such as the Kasbah of Telouet or the Kasbah Amridil.[13][14] In southern Tunisia, the term is sometimes applied to some fortified granaries (also known as ksour).[15]

Other uses of the term

Old city

The word kasbah may also be used to describe the old part of a city, in which case it has the same meaning as a medina quarter. In Algiers, the name qasaba originally referred to the upper part of the city which contained the citadel and residence of the rulers.[16] Following the French conquest of the country in 1830, most of the historic lower town of Algiers was demolished and remodeled along European lines. The only part of the old city that remained relatively untouched was the upper town, thus known as the "Casbah" of Algiers.[16][9]: 237  The Casbah of Dellys is another example of the term being used for an old city.

Settlement

In Turkish and Urdu the word kasaba refers to a settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city; in short, a town. In Serbo-Croatian, kasaba (Cyrillic: касаба) means an undeveloped, provincial small town. In India, a qasbah is a small town distinguished by the presence of Muslim families of rank.[17]

Watchtowers in the Arabian Peninsula

Kasbah watchtower in the Hejazi city of Al Baha, Saudi Arabia

In the Al-Bahah and Asir provinces of Saudi Arabia and in Yemen, the word qasaba usually refers to a single stone-built tower, either as part of a tower house or a tower isolated on a hilltop or commanding a field. The Encyclopædia Britannica defines it as follows: "Ancient qasaba ("towers") found in the province were used as lookouts or granaries."[18] Another book describes these towers as follows: "Apparently unique to Asir architecture are the qasaba towers. Controversy surrounds their function - some argue that they were built as lookouts, and others that they were keeps, or even granaries. Perhaps it is a combination, although the right position of a watchtower, on a hill top, is the wrong place for a keep or granary."[19] Archaeologists have found images of similar towers in the ruins of Qaryat al-Fāw, in the Rub' al Khali of Saudi Arabia, that date from between the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. "Homes rose two stories, supported by stone walls nearly two meters (6') thick and boasting such amenities as water-supply systems and second-floor latrines. One eye-catching mural faintly depicts a multi-story tower house with figures in the windows: Its design resembles similar dwellings today in Yemen and southern Saudi Arabia."[20]

"Most of the qasabas have a circular plan, although some are square. Sometimes they have a band of quartz stones just below the windows or framing the windows – one well preserved example is at the top of Wadi Ain. The remains of a martello tower-like stone structure are just off the dirt track north of Al-Masnah. It appears to be an interesting antecedent of the Asir farmhouse and perhaps closely related to the qasaba. It is in ruins now, but was once a dwelling and is strongly defensive."[19] One account says about a traditional village in Al-Bahah, Saudi Arabia: "Even the road that leads to the village is impressive, and several historical stone and slate towers dot the way. Al-Bahah Province is known as the region of 1001 towers, once built to protect villages, roads and plantations from rivalling tribes. Today, these towers are abandoned, and many of them are partially or completely in ruins."[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Petersen, Andrew (1996). "qasaba". Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. p. 236. ISBN 9781134613663. Central part of a town or citadel.
  2. ^ Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). "Glossary". Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. p. 282. ISBN 9780300218701. qaṣba: also qaṣaba, casbah, kasba(h); fortress
  3. ^ Barnaby Rogerson (2000): Marrakesh, Fez, Rabat, p. 65: "as its purpose, for a kasbah should be the domain of a ruler, be he sultan, governor or just a tribal chieftain. Most of the ancient cities of Morocco retain a large portion of their outer walls, but the kasbah (the government citadel containing [...]"
  4. ^ a b Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. p. 226. ISBN 3822896322. Sing. burdj, hisn, qal'a, qulay'a, qarya, qasaba. These Arabic terms for the highly varied forms of fortified settlement with or without an administrative centre can be found in Spanish placenames even now, most frequently al-qal'a and its diminutive alqual'aya: Alcala de Henares, Alcala la Real, Calahorra, Alcolea del Cinca.
  5. ^ Zozaya, Juan (1992). "The Fortifications of Al-Andalus". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.). Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 63–74. ISBN 0870996371.
  6. ^ M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Military architecture and fortification". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309911.
  7. ^ a b Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. ISBN 3822896322.
  8. ^ a b c Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190624552.
  9. ^ a b c d e Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300218701.
  10. ^ Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2002). Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia (2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF. ISBN 9783902782199.
  11. ^ Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.
  12. ^ "نفائس فاس العتيقة : بناء 13 قصبة لأغراض عسكرية | جريدة الصباح". assabah.ma (in Arabic). 2014-07-24. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  13. ^ Ingeborg Lehmann, Rita Henss (2012): Morocco Baedeker Guide, p. 214: "KASBAH A mud-brick castle that serves as a residence for the local Berber tribe is called a kasbah or »tighremt« in Morocco. Some are private mansions, others are even whole fortified villages with many large and small buildings crowded on [...]"
  14. ^ Naji, Salima (2009). Art et Architectures berbères du Maroc. Editions la Croisée des Chemins. ISBN 9782352700579.
  15. ^ Golvin, L. (1989-01-01). "Architecture berbère". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (6): 865–877. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2582. ISSN 1015-7344.
  16. ^ a b Hoexter, Miriam; Shuval, Tal. "Algiers". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISSN 1873-9830.
  17. ^ E. A. Mann (1992): Boundaries and Identities: Muslims, Work and Status in Aligarh, p. 23: "A qasbah is a small town distinguished by the presence of 'decent people or families of some rank' (Platts, 1974)."
  18. ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica (1998): "Asir". 15th ed., vol. 1, "Micropedia", p. 635.
  19. ^ a b Mostyn, Trevor (1983): Saudi Arabia: A MEED Practical Guide. London: Middle East Economic Digest, 2nd ed., p. 320.
  20. ^ Covington, Richard (2011): "Roads of Arabia". Saudi Aramco World, March/April 2011, pp. 24-35.
  21. ^ "Marble Village of Dhee Ayn".
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