Gloucester and Sharpness Canal

The Gloucester and Sharpness Canal (also known as the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal) is a ship canal in the west of England, between Gloucester and Sharpness, completed in 1827. For much of its length the canal runs close to the tidal River Severn, but it cuts off a significant loop in the river, at a once-dangerous bend near Arlingham. It was once the broadest and deepest canal in the world. The canal is 26.5 km (16.5 miles)[1] long.

A map of the canal from 1933
Gloucester and Sharpness Canal
River Severn (Gloucester)
Gloucester Dock Lock (with lift bridge over)
Gloucester Docks
Victoria Dock
Dry Dock
Barge Arm
Llanthony Bridge
Llanthony Wharf, Bakers Quay
High Orchard Bridge,  A430  Inner Ring Road
Monk Meadow Dock
Hempstead Bridge
Old section of Two Mile Bend
Netheridge Bridge,  A430  South-Western Bypass
Old section of Two Mile Bend
Simms Bridge
Rea Bridge
Sellars Bridge
Parkend Bridge
River Frome
Whitminster Weir feeder and overflow
Wycliffe College Boat Club
Saul Junction Foot Bridge
Stroudwater Navigation (Saul Junction)
Saul Junction Marina
Dry Dock
Sandfield Bridge
Power lines to Lydney (clearance 105 feet (32 m))
Fretherne Bridge
Splatt Bridge
Former canal basin at Cambridge
Cambridge Arm, River Cam
Cambridge Arms Bridge
Slimbridge Wetland Reserve
Patch Bridge
Purton Water Treatment Works
Bristol Water pipeline to Pucklechurch
Purton Upper Bridge
Purton Lower Bridge
Purton Hulks
Severn Railway Bridge remains
Sharpness Barge Arm (from old entrance)
High Level Bridge
Low Level Bridge
Sharpness New Dock
Sharpness Lock
Tidal Basin
Tidal Basin Gates
Severn Estuary (Sharpness)

Canal planning and construction

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Founder's share of the Glocester and Berkeley Canal Company, issued 29 September 1794, printed on vellum. The proprietors of this canal were authorised to raise the sum of £140,000 to be divided into shares of £100 each. If the former sum be insufficient, they could raise a further sum of £60,000.[2]
Gloucester and Berkeley Canal Act 1793
Act of Parliament
 
Long titleAn Act for making and maintaining a Navigable Canal from the River Severn, at or near the City of Gloucester, into a Place called Berkeley Pill, in the Parish of Berkeley, and also a Cut to or near the Town of Berkeley, in the County of Gloucester.
Citation33 Geo. 3. c. 97
Dates
Royal assent28 March 1793

Conceived in the canal mania period of the late 18th century, the Gloucester and Berkeley Ship Canal scheme (as it was originally named) was started by architect and civil engineer Robert Mylne. In 1793 an act of Parliament, the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal Act 1793 (33 Geo. 3. c. 97) was obtained authorising the raising of a total of £200,000.[3] The project rapidly encountered financial difficulties, to such an extent that Mylne left the project in 1798.

By mid-1799 costs had reached £112,000 but only 5+12 miles (9 km) of the canal had been completed.[4] Mylne's role was taken over by James Dadford, who had originally been engaged as resident engineer on the project in 1795.[5] Lack of funds resulted in the company ceasing to employ Dadford in 1800.[4]

Decade of capital raising

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Between 1800 and 1810 various unfruitful attempts were made to raise money to allow further building.[4] Money from tolls and rents allowed for some improvements to be made to the basin at Gloucester in 1813.[6]

Eventual completion

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Following the Public Works Loans Act 1817 (57 Geo. 3. c. 34), it was possible for the company to borrow money from the Exchequer Bill Loan Commission. This, along with further share issues, provided enough money to bring the scheme to completion.[7] After these significant delays, the canal opened in April 1827. In the course of its construction the canal had cost £440,000 (equivalent to £48,000,000 in 2023).[8] As opened, the canal was 86+12 feet (26.4 m) wide, 18 feet (5.5 m) deep and could take craft of up to 600 long tons (610 tonnes; 670 short tons). The longer of the two locks onto the canal proper was 115 feet (35 m) long.[8]

Eventual dividends

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By the middle of the 19th century it proved possible to pay a small dividend, the debt to the Exchequer Bill Loan Commission having been repaid with the help of a loan of £60,000 from the Pelican Life Assurance Company.[8] In 1871 the last of the debts incurred in the course of funding the canal, including the Pelican loan, were paid off.[9] Where the Severn Railway Bridge (completed in 1879) passed over the canal, a swing section was constructed[10] to avoid restricting headroom.

Purton hulks

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In 1909, following a collapse in the bank of the river, the canal company's chief engineer A. J. Cullis called for old vessels to be run aground along the bank of the Severn, near Purton, to create a makeshift tidal erosion barrier to reinforce the narrow strip of land between the river and canal.[11] Barges, trows and schooners were "hulked" at high tide, and have since filled with silt. More boats have been added, including the schooner Katherine Ellen which was impounded in 1921 for running guns to the IRA, the Kennet barge Harriett, and ferrocement barges built in World War II.[12]

In 1999, Paul Barnett started a privately funded research project to record the 81 vessels at the site, recognised as the largest ships' graveyard in mainland Britain.[13] In 2010 British Waterways took control of the site in an attempt to protect it.[14]

Bridge-houses

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Eight of the bridges have Neo-classical bridge-men's houses in the near vicinity. These were built in the early 19th century when the volume of traffic on the canal made it important that all the bridges could open at night so that vessels could meet the tides at Sharpness. At that time, the other bridge-men lived in existing houses that were close enough to their bridges.

The classical-style bridge-men's houses were originally symmetrical in plan with gables on each elevation. Each had a living room, one bedroom, a scullery at the back and a porch with Doric columns at the front. In later years, the houses have been extended to provide more accommodation and modern facilities. Today, the houses are in private ownership, and most of them are Grade II listed.

Modern times

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In 1905 traffic exceeded one million tons for the first time.[15] Oil was added to the list of cargoes carried by the canal, with bulk oil carriers taking fuel to storage tanks sited to the south of Gloucester.[16] In 1937 the canal was navigated by the submarines HMS H33 and HMS H49.[17] The canal was nationalized in 1948.[18] At the same time the Sharpness Dock Police which had policed the dock since 1874 were absorbed into the British Transport Police.[19]

In 1955 the Board of Survey of Canals and Inland Waterways released a report that, among other things, described the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal as carrying substantial traffic and offering scope for commercial development.[20]

The River Cam, which is subject to accretion due to industrial and agricultural runoff, is an important feeder for the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal.[21] It was formerly navigable as the Cambridge Arm[22] with one entrance lock leading to a basin and wharf at Cambridge, the limit of navigation due to mill weirs and low bridges on the Bristol to Gloucester road. The lock was missing and the basin abandoned by 1901.[23] Most of the straightened channel has survived as flood defence improvements and is potentially still navigable, but the entrance is now blocked by a very low bridge at the site of the former lock.[24]

By the mid-1980s commercial traffic had largely come to a halt, the canal being given over to pleasure cruisers with the exception of a few passages by grain barges.[16] The oil trade ceased in 1985 with the closure of the petroleum depot at Quedgeley.[10] In order to allow the A430 Gloucester southwestern bypass to be built the canal had to be diverted. This new cut eliminated a major problem which had plagued commercial traffic since opening: the sharp double bend in the canal. The new section of channel was opened on 6 May 2006.[25] In January 2009 a project began to replace the Patch Bridge swing bridge with a motor-powered design instead of the former hand-cranked system.[26]

Today, the canal can be used by boats up to 64 m (210 ft) in length, 9.6 m (31 ft) in beam and 32 m (105 ft) in height. The maximum draft is 3.5 m (11 ft).[1]

The canal links directly to the Stroudwater Navigation at Saul Junction, the only such flat crossing between two different canal companies anywhere in the world.[27]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Inland Waterways Association: Gloucester and Sharpness Canal". Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  2. ^ "The History of Cheltenham and its Environs", Cheltenham, Printed and published by H. Ruff, 1803. p. 318
  3. ^ Hadfield (1969), p.342
  4. ^ a b c Hadfield (1969), p.344
  5. ^ Hadfield (1969), p.343
  6. ^ Hadfield (1969), p.345
  7. ^ Hadfield (1969), p.346
  8. ^ a b c Hadfield (1969), p.348
  9. ^ Hadfield (1969), p.351
  10. ^ a b Paget-Tomlinson (2006), pp.124–125
  11. ^ "The Purton Hulks". morturn.com – Legacy from the past. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  12. ^ "Purton Hulks – maritime history sunk by neglect". telegraph.co.uk. London. 18 October 2008. Archived from the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  13. ^ "The Friends of Purton".
  14. ^ "Purton Hulks taken over by British Waterways". BBC News. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  15. ^ Hadfield (1969), p.352
  16. ^ a b Green (1999), p.27
  17. ^ Tall and Kemp (1996), p.64
  18. ^ "Waterways Virtual Archive Catalogue". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  19. ^ "Sharpness Dock Police (1874–1948)". Archived from the original on 14 June 2004. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
  20. ^ "Uneconomic Canals Use Of 771 Miles "Not Justified"". The Times. 21 April 1955. p. 7.
  21. ^ "54098 – Cam at Cambridge". National River Flow Archive. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  22. ^ "View map: Ordnance Survey, Gloucestershire XLVIII.NE (includes: Cam; Coaley; Eastington; Frampton on Severn... - Ordnance Survey Six-inch England and Wales, 1842-1952". maps.nls.uk. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  23. ^ "View map: Ordnance Survey, Gloucestershire XLVIII.3 (Coaley; Eastington; Frampton on Severn; Frocester; Sli... - Ordnance Survey 25 inch England and Wales, 1841-1952". maps.nls.uk. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  24. ^ "Song of the Paddle Forum-Gloucestershire River Cam". Song of the Paddle Forum. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  25. ^ "Canal's new channel section opens". BBC News. 6 May 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
  26. ^ Clare, Rachel (6 January 2009). "Wardens at bird sanctuary travel by boat". stroud news and journal. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
  27. ^ "Saul Junction - Stroudwater History". stroudwaterhistory.org.uk. Retrieved 15 March 2023.

Bibliography

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  • Colin Green (1999). Severn Traders. Black Dwarf Publications. ISBN 0-9533028-2-2.
  • Charles Hadfield (1969). The Canals of South and South East England. David and Charles. ISBN 0-7153-4693-8.
  • Edward Paget-Tomlinson (2006). The Illustrated History of Canal & River Navigations (3rd ed.). Landmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84306-207-0.
  • J.J. Tall; Paul Kemp (1996). HM Submarines in Camera An Illustrated History of British Submarines. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-0875-0.
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51°44′N 2°29′W / 51.733°N 2.483°W / 51.733; -2.483