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Jezero (crater)

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Jezero (/ˈjɛzəroʊ/ YEZ-ə-roh)[1] is a crater on Mars located at 18°23′N 77°35′E / 18.38°N 77.58°E / 18.38; 77.58[2] in the Syrtis Major quadrangle. The diameter of the crater is about 49.0 km (30.4 mi). Thought to have once been flooded with water, the crater contains a fan-delta deposit rich in clays.[3] The lake in the crater was present when valley networks were forming on Mars. Besides having a delta, the crater shows point bars and inverted channels. From a study of the delta and channels, it was concluded that the lake inside the crater probably formed during a period in which there was continual surface runoff.[4]

Jezero crater
First full-color image transmitted by Perseverance from Jezero
PlanetMars
Coordinates18°23′N 77°35′E / 18.38°N 77.58°E / 18.38; 77.58
QuadrangleSyrtis Major
Diameter49.0 km (30.4 mi)
EponymJezero, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Jezero crater on the edge of the Isidis basin

In 2007, following the discovery of its ancient lake, the crater was named for Jezero[5] in Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of several eponymous towns in the country.[6] In several Slavic languages, the word jezero (pronounced YEZ-ə-roh) means 'lake'.

In November 2018, it was announced that Jezero had been chosen as the landing site for the rover Perseverance as part of NASA's Mars 2020 mission.[7][8][9] In November 2020, evidence of boulder falls was found on the slopes of the delta deposits that the rover is planned to explore, on the wall of Jezero itself as well as on the wall of a small crater 2 km (1.2 mi) in diameter on the floor of Jezero.[10] Perseverance successfully landed in the crater on 18 February 2021.[11]

Crater

Life may have developed in the crater since it is believed the lake was long-lived; the delta may have required a period of 1,000,000 to 10,000,000 years to form.[12] Clay minerals have been detected in and around the crater.[13][14][15] The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter identified smectite clays.[16] Clays form in the presence of water, so this area probably once held water and maybe life in ancient times. The surface in places is cracked into polygonal patterns. Such shapes often form when clay dries out. These patterns can be seen in the image below. The image shows a channel that carried water and sediments into Jezero crater.[2]

Researchers described in a paper, released in March 2015, how an ancient Martian lake system existed in Jezero Crater. The study advanced the idea that water filled the crater at least two separate times.[17] There are two channels on the northern and western sides of the crater that probably supplied it with water; each of these channels has a delta-like deposit where sediment was carried by water and deposited in the lake.[18] Craters of a given diameter are expected to have a certain depth; a depth less than expected means sediment has entered the crater.[19] Calculations suggest that the crater may hold about one kilometer of sediments. Most of the sediments may have been brought in by channels.[12]

 
Mars 2020 and other landing sites (17 December 2019)
 
Ancient Jezero crater (artist concept)
 
Jezero crater lake billions of years ago (artist concept)
 
Jezero crater map (Green circle: rover's landing ellipse) (15 July 2020)
 
Perseverance rover in Jezero crater (artist concept)
 
Location Map of the Perseverance rover (18 February 2021)
Proposed landing site – Jezero crater[20][21] (18°51′18″N 77°31′08″E / 18.855°N 77.519°E / 18.855; 77.519)[2]
 
Jezero and surrounding region
 
Jezero crater – ancient rivers (on the left) fed the crater; overflow flooding carved the outlet canyon (on the right )
 
Ancient shoreline, and planned landing ellipse for the Mars 2020 mission
 
Minerals (green=carbonates; red=olivine sand eroding from carbonate-containing rocks)
 
Jezero delta – chemical alteration by water

Exploration

Mars 2020 mission

 
Proposed Mars 2020 landing site inside Jezero crater.
 
Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover

Jezero crater, once considered a site for the Mars Science Laboratory, was later proposed as a landing site for the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover mission with the Mars Helicopter Ingenuity attached to its belly on its route to Mars.[20][22] In early 2017 it was selected to be among the top three candidate sites for the landing, along with Northeast Syrtis, 30 km to the southwest.[23]

A primary aim of the Mars 2020 mission is to search for signs of ancient life. It is hoped that a later mission could then return samples from sites identified as probably containing remains of life. To safely bring the craft down, a 12-mile (20 km) wide, smooth, flat circular area is needed. Geologists hope to examine places where water once ponded.[24] They would like to examine sediment layers.

In November 2018, Jezero crater was selected as the target landing site for the Mars 2020 rover mission.[25] On 18 February 2021, the Perseverance rover landed successfully in Jezero Crater. [26]

Mars Sample Retrieval Lander

A ESA-NASA team produced a three-launch architecture concept for a Mars sample return, which uses the Mars 2020 rover to cache small samples, a two-stage, solid-fueled Mars ascent stage to send it into orbit, and an orbiter to rendezvous with it above Mars and take it to Earth.[27] Solar-electric propulsion could allow a one launch sample return instead of three.[28] So, After a launch in July 2026, a lander with a Mars ascent rocket (developed by NASA) and a sample collection rover (developed by ESA) (or may be on two separate landers or a dual lander probe) lands exactly near the Mars 2020 rover in Jezero Crater in August 2028. The new rover collects the samples left behind by Mars 2020 and delivers them to the ascent rocket. If Mars 2020 is still operational, it could also deliver samples to the landing site. Once loaded with the samples, the Mars ascent rocket will launch with the sample return canister in spring 2029 and reach a low Mars orbit. The lander would bring a small and simple "fetch rover", whose sole function would be to retrieve the sample containers from the caches left on the surface or directly from the Perseverance rover, and return them to the lander where it would be loaded onto the MAV for delivery to the orbiter and then be sent to Earth.[29][30]

This design would ease the schedule of the whole project, giving controllers time and flexibility to carry out the required operations. Furthermore, the program could rely on the successful landing system developed for the Mars Science Laboratory, avoiding the costs and risks associated with developing and testing yet another landing system from scratch.[31] Even NASA may think of changing the Sample Return Lander into a two-lander or dual lander probe mission, one carrying a rover to collect samples and the other carrying the Complex Mars Ascent Vehicle that will launch the sample container into orbit. In addition, NASA may change the solar panels on lander with Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator, a nuclear power source,or at least the lander with the MAV in case if fetch rover is launched separately, to ensure sufficient power and to keep the rocket’s propulsion system from getting too cold, thus ensuring a longer lifetime, better thermal protection and safe operation even if they are carried in Mars Global Dust Storm Season, but these changes is still to be clarified by NASA.

Interactive Mars map

 
Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars, overlaid with the position of Martian rovers and landers. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.
  Clickable image: Clicking on the labels will open a new article.
(   Active •   Inactive •   Planned)
 
Mars Landing Sites (16 December 2020)

See also

References

  1. ^ Lakdawalla, Emily (20 November 2018). "We're going to Jezero!". Planetary Society. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Wray, James (6 June 2008). "Channel into Jezero Crater Delta". NASA. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  3. ^ Muir, Hazel. "Prime landing sites chosen for biggest Martian rover". Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  4. ^ Goudge, T.; et al. (2017). Stratigraphy and Evolution of Delta Channel Deposits, Jezero Crater Mars (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science 48 (2017). 1195.pdf.
  5. ^ "NASA Mars Mission Connects With Bosnian Town". jpl.nasa.gov. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 23 September 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  6. ^ "Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Jezero on Mars". planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  7. ^ Chang, Kenneth (28 July 2020). "How NASA Found the Ideal Hole on Mars to Land In - Jezero crater. the destination of the Perseverance rover, is a promising place to look for evidence of extinct Martian life". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  8. ^ Chang, Kenneth (19 November 2018). "NASA Mars 2020 Rover Gets a Landing Site: A Crater That Contained a Lake - The rover will search the Jezero Crater and delta for the chemical building blocks of life and other signs of past microbes". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  9. ^ Wall, Mike (19 November 2018). "Jezero Crater or Bust! NASA Picks Landing Site for Mars 2020 Rover". Space.com. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  10. ^ Sinha, R.K.; et al. (2020). "Boulder fall activity in the Jezero Crater, Mars". Geophysical Research Letters (2020). doi:10.1029/2020GL090362.
  11. ^ Billings, Lee. "Perseverance Has Landed! Mars Rover Begins a New Era of Exploration". Scientific American. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  12. ^ a b Schon, S.; Head, J.; Fassett, C. (2012). "An overfilled lacustrine system and progradational delta in Jezero crater, Mars: Implications for Noachian climate". Planetary and Space Science. 67: 28–45.
  13. ^ Bibring, J.; et al. (2006). "Global mineralogical and aqueous Mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars Express data". Science. 312: 400–404.
  14. ^ Mangold, N.; et al. (2007). "Mineralogy of the Nili Fossae region with OMEGA/Mars Express data: 2. Aqueous alteration of the crust". Journal of Geophysical Research. 112: E08S04. doi:10.1029/2006JE002835.
  15. ^ Poulet, F.; et al. (2005). "Phyllosilicates on Mars and implications for early Martian climate". Nature. 438. doi:10.1038/nature04274.
  16. ^ Murchie, S.; et al. (2009). "A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (E2): E00D06. Bibcode:2009JGRE..114.0D06M. doi:10.1029/2009JE003342.
  17. ^ "Ancient Martian lake system records two water-related events". ScienceDaily. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  18. ^ "Ancient Martian Lake System Records Two Water-related Events - SpaceRef". spaceref.com. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  19. ^ Garvin, J., S. Sakimoto, J. Frawley (2003). Craters on Mars: Global geometric properties from gridded MOLA topography. Sixth International Conference on Mars. Abstract no. #3277.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ a b Staff (4 March 2015). "PIA19303: A Possible Landing Site for the 2020 Mission: Jezero Crater". NASA. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  21. ^ Goudge, Timothy A.; Mustard, John F.; Head, James W.; Fassett, Caleb I.; Wiseman, Sandra M. (6 March 2015). "Assessing the Mineralogy of the Watershed and Fan Deposits of the Jezero Crater Paleolake System, Mars". Journal of Geophysical Research. 120 (4): 775. Bibcode:2015JGRE..120..775G. doi:10.1002/2014JE004782. S2CID 29382260.
  22. ^ Caleb Fassett, Bethany Ehlmann, Jim Head, Scott Murchie, Jack Mustard, Sam Schon. "Jezero Crater Lake: Phyllosilicate-bearing sediments from a Noachian valley network as a potential MSL landing site" (PDF). Retrieved 19 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Witze, Alexandra (11 February 2017). "Three sites where NASA might retrieve its first Mars rock". Nature. Bibcode:2017Natur.542..279W. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.21470. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  24. ^ Staff (2010). "The Floods of Iani Chaos". NASA. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  25. ^ Mandelbaum, Ryan F. "NASA's Mars 2020 Rover Will Land in Jezero Crater". Gizmodo. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  26. ^ "Touchdown! NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover Safely Lands on Red Planet". JPL. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  27. ^ Planetary Science Decadal Survey Mission & Technology Studies. Sites.nationalacademies.org. Retrieved on 2012-05-10.
  28. ^ Oh, David Y. et al. (2009) Single Launch Architecture for Potential Mars Sample Return Mission Using Electric Propulsion. JPL/Caltech.
  29. ^ 'Bringing back Mars life' MSNBC News, February 24, 2010 by Alan Boyle
  30. ^ Witze, Alexandra (15 May 2014). "NASA plans Mars sample-return rover". Nature. 509 (7500): 272. Bibcode:2014Natur.509..272W. doi:10.1038/509272a. PMID 24828172.
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference newmsrplan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Further reading

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